Proxmox vs Docker is a comparison of two tools that solve different layers of infrastructure. Proxmox is a virtualization platform for managing full VMs and LXC containers on server hardware. Docker is an application container engine for packaging and running apps.
Docker containers share the host kernel and are built for fast, lightweight app deployment. Proxmox VMs give stronger OS-level isolation and fit better when you need full operating systems or mixed workloads.
A common pattern is to run a Linux VM on Proxmox, then run Docker inside that VM. You get control at the hardware level and portable apps on top.